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Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that causes regular outbreaks in pigs. People do not normally get swine flu, but human infections can and do happen. Swine flu viruses have been reported to spread from person-to-person, but in the past, this transmission was limited and not sustained beyond three people.

CDC has determined that this swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is contagious and is spreading from human to human. However, at this time, it not known how easily the virus spreads between people.

The symptoms of swine flu in people are similar to the symptoms of regular human flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Some people have reported diarrhea and vomiting associated with swine flu. In the past, severe illness (pneumonia and respiratory failure) and deaths have been reported with swine flu infection in people. Like seasonal flu, swine flu may cause a worsening of underlying chronic medical conditions.

Spread of this swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is thought to be happening in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing of people with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.

Infected people may be able to infect others beginning 1 day before symptoms develop and up to 7 or more days after becoming sick. That means that you may be able to pass on the flu to someone else before you know you are sick, as well as while you are sick.

First and most important: wash your hands. Try to stay in good general health. Get plenty of sleep, be physically active, manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids, and eat nutritious food. Try not to touch surfaces that may be contaminated with the flu virus. Avoid close contact with people who are sick.

Yes. CDC recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with these swine influenza viruses. Antiviral drugs are prescription medicines (pills, liquid or an inhaler) that fight against the flu by keeping flu viruses from reproducing in your body. If you get sick, antiviral drugs can make your illness milder and make you feel better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications. For treatment, antiviral drugs work best if started soon after getting sick (within 2 days of symptoms).

People with swine influenza virus infection should be considered potentially contagious as long as they are symptomatic and possible for up to 7 days following illness onset. Children, especially younger children, might potentially be contagious for longer periods.

Germs can be spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with germs and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth. Droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person move through the air. Germs can be spread when a person touches respiratory droplets from another person on a surface like a desk and then touches their own eyes, mouth or nose before washing their hands.

We know that some viruses and bacteria can live 2 hours or longer on surfaces like cafeteria tables, doorknobs, and desks. Frequent handwashing will help you reduce the chance of getting contamination from these common surfaces.

There is no vaccine available right now to protect against swine flu. There are everyday actions that can help prevent the spread of germs that cause respiratory illnesses like influenza. Take these everyday steps to protect your health:

• Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it.
• Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective.
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way.
• Try to avoid close contact with sick people.
• If you get sick with influenza, CDC recommends that you stay home from work or school and limit contact with others to keep from infecting them.

If you are sick, limit your contact with other people as much as possible. Do not go to work or school if ill. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. It may prevent those around you from getting sick. Put your used tissue in the waste basket. Cover your cough or sneeze if you do not have a tissue. Then, clean your hands, and do so every time you cough or sneeze.

Washing your hands often will help protect you from germs. Wash with soap and water. or clean with alcohol-based hand cleaner. we recommend that when you wash your hands — with soap and warm water — that you wash for 15 to 20 seconds. When soap and water are not available, alcohol-based disposable hand wipes or gel sanitizers may be used. You can find them in most supermarkets and drugstores. If using gel, rub your hands until the gel is dry. The gel doesn’t need water to work; the alcohol in it kills the germs on your hands.

If you live in areas where swine influenza cases have been identified and become ill with influenza-like symptoms, including fever, body aches, runny nose, sore throat, nausea, or vomiting or diarrhea, you may want to contact their health care provider, particularly if you are worried about your symptoms. Your health care provider will determine whether influenza testing or treatment is needed.

If you are sick, you should stay home and avoid contact with other people as much as possible to keep from spreading your illness to others. If you become ill and experience any of the following warning signs, seek emergency medical care. In children emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include:

• Fast breathing or trouble breathing
• Bluish skin color
• Not drinking enough fluids
• Not waking up or not interacting
• Being so irritable that the child does not want to be held
• Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough
• Fever with a rash

In adults, emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include:

• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
• Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen
• Sudden dizziness
• Confusion
• Severe or persistent vomiting

Like seasonal flu, swine flu in humans can vary in severity from mild to severe. Between 2005 until January 2009, 12 human cases of swine flu were detected in the U.S. with no deaths occurring. However, swine flu infection can be serious. In September 1988, a previously healthy 32-year-old pregnant woman in Wisconsin was hospitalized for pneumonia after being infected with swine flu and died 8 days later. A swine flu outbreak in Fort Dix, New Jersey occurred in 1976 that caused more than 200 cases with serious illness in several people and one death.

No. Swine influenza viruses are not spread by food. You cannot get swine influenza from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork products is safe.

• Apply sunscreen at least two times a day. First application should be approximately 30 minutes before being in the sun so that it can be absorbed by the skin and less likely to wash off when you perspire. Second application should be around midday (12-1pm).
• Application of sunscreen is advisable even on cloudy days because although UVB radiation is minimal, UVA radiation (known to brake down collagen and cause skin cancer) is always present during daytime. Also most lamps irradiate small but continuos ammounts of UVA when lit.
• Remember to reapply sunscreen after swimming or strenuous exercise.
• Apply sunscreen often throughout the day if you work outdoors (every two hours), and wear hats (caps do not protect the ears and nape of neck area) and protective clothing (long sleeves shirts and long pants).

• Shake well before use to mix particles that might be clumped up in the container. Consider using the new spray-on or stick types of sunscreen.
• Be sure to apply enough sunscreen. As a rule of thumb, use an ounce (a handful) to cover your entire body.
• Use on all parts of your skin exposed to the sun, including the ears, back, shoulders, and the back of the knees and legs.
• Apply thickly and thoroughly.
• Be careful when applying sunscreen around the eyes.

• Pick a broad-spectrum sunscreen that protects against UV-A and UV-B rays.
• Read product labels. Look for a waterproof brand if you will be sweating or swimming. Buy a nonstinging product or one specifically formulated for your face.
• The SPF factor rates how effective the sunscreen is in preventing sunburn caused by UVB rays. If you would normally burn in 10 minutes, SPF 15 multiplies that by a factor of 15, meaning you could go 150 minutes before burning.· People who have very fair skin, who suffer conditions like lupus or are taking medication that makes your skin more sensitive to sunlight should consider SPF 30 or higher. Keep in mind that the higher the SPF, the smaller the increased benefit: contrary to what you might think, SPF 30 isn’t twice as strong as SPF 15. While SPF 15 filters out 93% of UVB, SPF 30 filters out 97%. UVA protection. amazon site down Look for a sunscreen that contains at least one of the following: ecamsule, avobenzone + octocrilene, oxybenzone, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide.
• Buy a brand that does not contain para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) if you are sensitive to that ingredient.
• Try a sunscreen with different chemicals if your skin reacts badly to the one that you are using. Not all sunscreens have the same ingredients.
• Use a water-based sunscreen if you have oily skin or are prone to acne.
• Be aware that more expensive does not mean better. Although a costly brand might feel or smell better, it is not necessarily more effective than a cheaper product.
• Be aware of the expiration date because some sunscreen ingredients might degrade over time.

Cholesterol is a type of fat. Your body needs it for many things, such as making new cells. But too much cholesterol in your blood increases your chances of having a heart attack and stroke.

Cholesterol travels through your blood attached to a protein. This cholesterol-protein package is called a lipoprotein. Lipoproteins are either high-density or low-density, based on how much protein and fat they have.

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are mostly fat with only a small amount of protein. LDL is the bad kind of cholesterol because it can clog your arteries. If you have high cholesterol, your doctor will want you to lower your LDL.

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) help clear the bad cholesterol from your blood and keep it from clogging your arteries. HDL is the good kind of cholesterol. High levels of HDL (60 or above) can protect you from a heart attack.

Triglycerides are another type of fat in your blood. If you have high triglycerides and high LDL, your chances of having a heart attack are higher.

High cholesterol may run in your family. The foods you eat also may cause high cholesterol.

Causes include:

• Your diet. Eating too much saturated fat and cholesterol can cause high cholesterol. Saturated fat and cholesterol come from animal foods such as beef, pork,  milk, eggs, butter, cheese
• Your weight. Being overweight may raise triglycerides and lower HDL.
• Your activity level. Not exercising may raise LDL and lower HDL.
• Your overall health. Having diseases such as low thyroid can raise cholesterol. Cigarette smoking may lower HDL.
• Your age. After you reach age 20, your cholesterol starts to rise. In men, cholesterol levels usually level off after age 50. In women, cholesterol levels stay fairly low until menopause. After that, they rise to about the same level as in men.
• Your family. A disease called a lipid disorder can also cause high cholesterol. This rare problem is inherited from family members, and it changes how your body handles cholesterol.

There are usually no signs or symptoms of high blood cholesterol. Many people don’t know that their cholesterol level is too high. If cholesterol builds up in your arteries, it can block blood flow to your heart or brain and cause a heart attack or stroke.

Everyone age 20 and older should have their cholesterol levels checked at least once every 5 years. You and your doctor can discuss how often you should be tested.

• Avoiding sun exposure and dressing infants in lightweight long pants, long-sleeved shirts, and brimmed hats are still the top recommendations to prevent sunburn. However when adequate clothing and shade are not available, parents can apply a minimal amount of sunscreen to small areas, such as the infant’s face and the back of the hands.

• Apply sunscreen at least 30 minutes before going outside, and use sunscreen even on cloudy days. The SPF (sun protection factor) should be at least 15.

• The first, and best, line of defense against the sun is covering up. Wear a hat with a three-inch brim or a bill facing forward, sunglasses (look for sunglasses that block 99-100% of ultraviolet rays), and cotton clothing with a tight weave.
• Stay in the shade whenever possible, and avoid sun exposure during the peak intensity hours – between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.
• Use a sunscreen with an SPF (sun protection factor) of 15 or greater. Be sure to apply enough sunscreen – about one ounce per sitting for a young adult.
• Reapply sunscreen every two hours, or after swimming or sweating.

• The intensity of activities that last 15 minutes or more should be reduced whenever high heat and humidity reach critical levels.
• At the beginning of a strenuous exercise program or after traveling to a warmer climate, the intensity and duration of exercise should be limited initially and then gradually increased during a period of 10 to 14 days to accomplish acclimatization to the heat.
• Before prolonged physical activity, the child should be well-hydrated. During the activity, periodic drinking should be enforced, for example, each 20 minutes, 5 oz of cold tap water or a flavored sports drink for a child weighing 88 lbs, and 9 oz for an adolescent weighing 132 lbs, even if the child does not feel thirsty.
• Clothing should be light-colored and lightweight and limited to one layer of absorbent material to facilitate evaporation of sweat. Sweat-saturated garments should be replaced by dry garments.

• Never leave children alone in or near the pool, even for a moment.
• Ensure that the pool has a fence at least four-feet high around all four sides of the pool. The fence should not have openings or protrusions that a young child could use to get over, under, or through the fence.
• Make sure pool gates open out from the pool, and self-close and self-latch at a height children can’t reach.
• Keep rescue equipment (a shepherd’s hook – a long pole with a hook on the end – and life preserver) and a portable telephone near the pool.
• Avoid inflatable swimming aids such as “floaties.” They are not a substitute for approved life vests and can give children a false sense of security.
• Children may not be developmentally ready for swim lessons until after their fourth birthday. Swim programs for children under 4 should not be seen as a way to decrease the risk of drowning.
• Whenever infants or toddlers are in or around water, an adult should be within arm’s length, providing “touch supervision.”

• Don’t use scented soaps, perfumes or hair sprays on your child.
• Avoid areas where insects nest or congregate, such as stagnant pools of water, uncovered foods and gardens where flowers are in bloom.
• Avoid dressing your child in clothing with bright colors or flowery prints.
• To remove a visible stinger from skin, gently scrape it off horizontally with a credit card or your fingernail.
• Insect repellents containing DEET are the most effective.
• The concentration of DEET in products may range from less than 10 percent to over 30 percent. The benefits of DEET reach a peak at a concentration of 30 percent, the maximum concentration currently recommended for infants and children. DEET should not be used on children under 2 months of age.
• The concentration of DEET varies significantly from product to product, so read the label of any product you purchase.

• Install and maintain a shock-absorbing surface under and around the play equipment. Use at least 9 inches of wood chips, mulch, or shredded rubber for play equipment up to 7 feet high. If sand or pea gravel is used, install at least a 9-inch layer for play equipment up to 5 feet high.
• Carefully maintain all equipment. Open “s” hooks or protruding bolt ends can be hazardous.
• Swing seats should be made of soft materials such as rubber, plastic or canvas.
• Make sure children cannot reach any moving parts that might pinch or trap any body part.
• Never attach-or allow children to attach-ropes, jump ropes, leashes, or similar items to play equipment; children can strangle on these.
• Make sure metal slides are cool to prevent children’s legs from getting burned.
• Parents should never purchase a home trampoline or allow children to use home trampolines. * Parents should supervise children on play equipment to make sure they are safe.

• Do not push your child to ride a 2-wheeled bike until he or she is ready, at about age 5 or 6. Consider the child’s coordination and desire to learn to ride. Stick with coaster (foot) brakes until your child is older and more experienced for hand brakes.
• Take your child with you when you shop for the bike, so that he or she can try it out. The value of a properly fitting bike far outweighs the value of surprising your child with a new bike.
• Buy a bike that is the right size, not one your child has to “grow into.” Oversized bikes are especially dangerous.
• Your child needs to wear a helmet on every bike ride, no matter how short or how close to home. Many accidents happen in driveways, on sidewalks, and on bike paths, not just on streets. Children learn best by observing you. Whenever you ride your bike, put on your helmet.
• A helmet protects your child from serious injury, and should always be worn. And remember, wearing a helmet at all times helps children develop the helmet habit.
• A helmet should be worn so that it is level on the head, not tipped forwards or backwards. The strap should be securely fastened, and you should not be able to move the helmet in any direction. If needed, the helmet’s sizing pads can help improve the fit.

La influenza porcina (gripe porcina) es una enfermedad respiratoria de los cerdos causada por el virus de la influenza tipo A, el cual provoca brotes comunes de influenza entre estos animales. Los virus de la influenza porcina enferman gravemente a los cerdos pero las tasas de mortalidad son bajas. Estos virus pueden propagarse entre los cerdos durante todo el año, pero la mayoría de los brotes infecciosos ocurren en los meses finales del otoño e invierno, al igual que los brotes en las personas. El virus de la influenza porcina clásico (virus de la influenza H1N1 tipo A) fue aislado por primera vez de un cerdo en 1930.

Influenza porcina en seres humanos

Los virus de la influenza porcina por lo general no infectan a los seres humanos. Sin embargo, han ocurrido casos esporádicos de infecciones de influenza porcina en seres humanos. Por lo general, estos casos se presentan en personas que tienen exposición directa a los cerdos (es decir, niños que se acercan a los cerdos en ferias o trabajadores de la industria porcina). Además, ha habido algunos casos documentados de personas que han contagiado el virus de la influenza porcina a otras. Por ejemplo, en 1988, un presunto brote infeccioso de influenza porcina en cerdos en Wisconsin causó múltiples infecciones en seres humanos y, aunque no ocurrió un brote en la comunidad, se identificaron anticuerpos que comprobaron la transmisión del virus de un paciente a personal de atención médica que habían tenido contacto cercano con él.

En el pasado, los CDC recibían notificaciones de aproximadamente un caso de infección por el virus de la influenza porcina en seres humanos cada uno o dos años en los Estados Unidos; sin embargo, de diciembre del 2005 a febrero del 2009 se han reportado 12 casos de infecciones por influenza porcina en personas.

Los síntomas de la influenza porcina en las personas son similares a los de la influenza estacional común en seres humanos y entre estos se incluyen fiebre, letargo, falta de apetito y tos. Algunas personas con influenza porcina han reportado también secreciones nasales, dolor de garganta, náuseas, vómitos y diarrea.

No. Los virus de la influenza porcina no se transmiten por los alimentos. Usted no puede contraer influenza porcina por comer carne de cerdo o sus productos derivados. No hay riesgos si se come carne de cerdo y sus derivados que han sido manipulados y cocinados de manera adecuada. Si se cocina la carne de cerdo a una temperatura interna de aproximadamente 71° C (160° F), se eliminan los virus de la influenza porcina, como también otras bacterias y virus.

Los virus de la influenza se pueden transmitir directamente de los cerdos a las personas y de las personas a los cerdos. Las infecciones en seres humanos por los virus de la influenza provenientes de los cerdos tienen más probabilidad de ocurrir en las personas que están en contacto cercano con cerdos infectados, como las que trabajan en criaderos de cerdos y las que participan en las casetas de cerdos en las ferias de exhibiciones de animales de cría. La transmisión de la influenza porcina de persona a persona también puede ocurrir. Se cree que esta transmisión es igual a la de la influenza estacional en las personas, es decir principalmente de persona a persona cuando las personas infectadas por el virus de la influenza tosen o estornudan. Las personas pueden infectarse al tocar algo que tenga el virus de la influenza y luego llevarse las manos a la boca o la nariz.

En septiembre de 1988, una mujer embarazada sana de 32 años de edad fue hospitalizada por pulmonía y falleció 8 días después. El virus de la influenza porcina H1N1 fue detectado. Cuatro días antes de enfermarse, la paciente había visitado una exhibición de cerdos en una feria del condado donde se registraba una enfermedad seudogripal generalizada entre los cerdos.

En estudios de seguimiento, el 76% de los expositores de cerdos a los cuales se les realizaron pruebas presentaron anticuerpos que comprobaron infección por influenza porcina, aunque en este grupo no se detectaron enfermedades graves. Estudios adicionales indicaron que de uno a tres empleados del personal de atención médica que habían tenido contacto con la paciente presentaron enfermedad seudogripal leve y anticuerpos contra la infección de la influenza porcina.

Para diagnosticar una infección por influenza porcina tipo A, por lo general se debe recoger una muestra de secreción del aparato respiratorio entre los primeros 4 a 5 días de aparecida la enfermedad (cuando una persona infectada tiene más probabilidad de diseminar el virus). Sin embargo, algunas personas, especialmente los niños, pueden propagar el virus durante 10 días o más. Para la identificación del virus de la influenza porcina tipo A es necesario enviar la muestra a los CDC para que se realicen pruebas de laboratorios.

Existen cuatro medicamentos antivirales diferentes que están autorizados en los Estados Unidos para el tratamiento de la influenza: amantadina, rimantadina, oseltamivir y zanamivir. Aunque la mayoría de los virus de la influenza porcina han sido sensibles a los cuatro tipos de medicamentos, los siete virus más recientes de la influenza porcina asilados de personas son resistentes a la amantadina y la rimantadina. En la actualidad, los CDC recomiendan el uso de oseltamivir o zanamivir para la prevención y el tratamiento de la infección por los virus de la influenza porcina. Puede encontrar más información sobre las recomendaciones para el tratamiento en el sitiowww.cdc.gov.

Probablemente el caso más conocido sea el brote de influenza porcina entre los soldados de Fort Dix, Nueva Jersey, en 1976 . Este virus causó pulmonía, demostrada mediante radiografías, a por lo menos 4 soldados y 1 muerte; todos estos pacientes anteriormente gozaban de buena salud. El virus se transmitió a contactos cercanos en un ambiente de entrenamiento básico, y no ocurrió transmisión afuera del grupo de entrenamiento básico. Se cree que el virus permaneció en ese lugar un mes y desapareció. Se desconocen la fuente del virus, la fecha exacta de su ingreso a Fort Dix, los factores que limitaron su transmisión y su duración. El brote de Fort Dix pudo haber sido causado por el ingreso de un virus de un animal a una población humana bajo estrés en contacto cercano con instalaciones saturadas de gente y durante el invierno. El virus de la influenza porcina tipo A recogido de un soldado de Fort Dix fue bautizado A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1).

No. Los virus de la influenza porcina H1N1 son antigénicamente muy diferentes de los virus H1N1 de los seres humanos, por consiguiente las vacunas de la influenza estacional para las personas no proporcionan protección contra los virus de la influenza porcina H1N1.

Influenza porcina en cerdos

Se cree que los virus de la influenza porcina se transmiten principalmente mediante el contacto cercano entre cerdos y posiblemente mediante objetos contaminados que se mueven entre los cerdos infectados y sanos. Las manadas de cerdos con continuas infecciones de influenza porcina y las manadas que son vacunadas contra esta enfermedad pueden enfermarse de manera esporádica, pueden ser asintomáticas o solo presentar síntomas leves de la infección.

Los signos de la influenza porcina puede ser la aparición súbita de fiebre, depresión, tos (gruñido), secreciones de la nariz y los ojos, estornudos, dificultad para respirar, enrojecimiento o inflamación de ojos y pérdida del interés en la comida.

Los virus de la influenza porcina H1N1 y H3N2 son endémicos entre las poblaciones de cerdos en los Estados Unidos y es una situación que la industria aborda de manera habitual. Los brotes entre los cerdos se presentan por lo general en los meses de temperaturas frías (finales del otoño y el invierno) y a veces con el ingreso de nuevos cerdos a manadas vulnerables. Los estudios han demostrado que la influenza porcina H1N1 es común entre las poblaciones de cerdos de todo el mundo y que un 25 por ciento de los animales presentan evidencia de anticuerpos de la infección. Los estudios en los Estados Unidos han demostrado que el 30 por ciento de la población de los cerdos sometidos a pruebas han presentado evidencia de anticuerpos por la infección H1N1. Para ser más precisos, se ha comprobado la presencia de los anticuerpos de la infección H1N1 en el 51 por ciento de los cerdos en el norte de la región central de los Estados Unidos. Las infecciones en las personas por los virus H1N1 de la influenza porcina son poco comunes. En la actualidad, no hay forma de diferenciar en los cerdos los anticuerpos producidos en reacción a la vacunación de los anticuerpos generados ante las infecciones por influenza porcina H1N1.

Aunque los virus de la influenza porcina H1N1 se han encontrado en las poblaciones de cerdos desde por lo menos 1930, los virus de la influenza porcina H3N2 no comenzaron a presentarse entre los cerdos en los Estados Unidos hasta 1998. Los virus H3N2 inicialmente ingresaron a las poblaciones de cerdos por los humanos. Los virus actuales de la influenza porcina H3N2 están estrechamente asociados a los virus H3N2 de los seres humanos.

Existen vacunas que se administran a los cerdos para la prevención de la influenza porcina. Sin embargo, no hay una vacuna para proteger a las personas contra la influenza porcina. Es posible que la vacuna contra la influenza estacional proporcione protección parcial contra los virus H3N2, pero no contra los virus H1N1 de la influenza porcina.